Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis: Role in Counselling

Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis Role in CounsellingMurray SheretStudents will examine the ideas of superstar of the theorists introduced in class. They will relate these ideas to their own center-m uniformg abut and their liking of the role of the counsellor and the practice of counselling. The essay will contain reference to the relevant body of pedantic literature, including both primary and secondary sources.Roberto Assagiolis Psychosynthesis The mystical is non how the world is, just that it is. Ludwig WittgensteinThis essay will search the concepts and practice of psychosynthesis while relating these ideas to my own moment-making process and my conception of the role of the counsellor and the practice of counselling.Psychosynthesis, the practical psychological approach founded by Italian psychiatrist Roberto Assagioli, integrates the wisdom of an eclectic array of psychological and philosophical traditions, including Jungian psychology, psychoanalysis, existential psychology, Buddhism, yogic traditions and Christian esoteric study (Brown, 1983, p. 30).Psychosynthesis recognises two fundamental attributes of human growth which are the personal and transpersonal dimensions. The personal dimension is concerned with the intend and integration of our personal existence, with the experience of be significant and effective in the world (Brown, 1983, pp. 30-31). The transpersonal dimension of growth involves spiritual study and practices, machinationistic and creative expressions, musing and enquireing of ultimate, universal significance in which we seek the meaning and determination of the larger candor (Brown, 1983, pp. 31). Included in both the other dimensions is the interpersonal dimension which is integral to achieving balanced growth in both dimensions as it means fulfilling interpersonal relationships within our families, our circles of friends, and our communities (Brown, 1983, p. 31).Assagioli conceived of the individual as being a d ynamic interrelationship of The lower unconscious, the middle unconscious, the higher unconscious or superconscious, the field of consciousness, the conscious ego or I, and the higher self (Assagioli, 2000, pp. 15-17). The attributes of these respective(a) aspects comprise of various psychological, emotional, psychic, emotional, sensate and spiritual functions. However, of or so pertinence to mention here are the attributes of the conscious self or I which Assagioli asserts is the point of pure self awareness, the philia of our consciousness which is non to be confused with the changing contents of unitarys consciousness (thoughts, feelings, sensations etc) (Assagioli, 2000 p. 16), and the higher self which is the conscious, permanent, ever present centre the true self (Assagioli, 2000, p.16).Psychosynthesis work to discover sub-personalities which are considered to be constellations of behaviours, feelings, and thought that are left over from a time when they were needed for survival, to meet lower level needs (Brown, 1983, p. 27). bingle time discovered the work then becomes assisting the I to disidentify from the sub-personalities enough so that one can then recognise and honour its initial decide (Brown, 1983, p. 27). A multi present meditation style disidentification exercises are used to achieve this. Psychosynthesis teacher Molly Brown explains the larger aim of this exercise, The I can then re remove this purpose and its Will energy while letting go of the specific behaviours and attitudes that no longer serve (Brown, 1983, p. 27). A range of psychotherapeutic methods are used to explore the depths of the lower unconscious in order to uncover the childish images that silently dominate us, the phantasms and fears that paralyse us and the conflicts that waste our energies (Assagioli, 2000, p. 19). The regions of the middle and higher unconscious that folk our unknow abilities and higher voltageities are likewise explored.The basic perc entage point of the psychosynthesis process involves ascertaining the unique existential situation of the client (Assagioli, 2000, p. 5). The therapist and client work together to jointly gain a thorough knowledge of the clients personality. Then follows the activation of their latent aspects and functions along with the learning of the weak ones through the use of the active techniques qualified for each task (Assagioli, 2000, p. 5). Psychosynthesis uses umteen techniques aimed at the phylogenesis and perfection of the personality and its harmonious ongoing unification with the Self (Assagioli, 2000, p. 94). Among these are, Self-identification, disidentification, development of the Will, training and use of the imagination, visualisation, auditory evocation of other sensations, technique of ideal pathls and symbol utilisation and the technique for the use of intuition. Next the individual learns to gain control over the various portions of their personality. The psychologi cal principle this is based on may be formulated as We are dominated by everything which our self becomes identified. We can dominate and control everything from which we dis-identify ourselves. The question becomes then to what extent can we identify ourselves with the true Self and disidentify ourselves from the non-self (Gerard, 1961, p. 3). The work is then aimed at assisting one to become aware that their conscious self is not their ultimate ingenuousness and identity, this then allows them to realise their true Self, the discovery of their unifying centre (Gerard, 1961, p. 4).As psychosynthesis utilises a range of therapeutic approaches it is thitherfore cap satisfactory of attention to symptoms at many different levels of consciousness, this approach means the therapist is less likely to interpret a deeper state of consciousness as pathological or to apply an in remove therapeutic technique based on such misinterpretation (Brown, 1983, p. 7). I appreciate Assagiolis therape utic disposition here as this mode of therapy seems to conceive of the psychological and emotional struggles of the client as being symptoms of an existential difficulty with living preferably than a pathology awaiting categorisation. The central purpose of psychosynthesis is brought al most(prenominal) in concert with the work of developing and activating the various aspects and functions of the individual. Assagioli described this as the harmonisation and integration into one functioning whole of all the qualities and functions of the individual (Assagioli, 2000, p.5).What follows is the development and training of the Will, the concept of which is central to psychosynthesis. Assagioli defines the use of Will as,the ability to develop that strategy which is most effective and which entails the salientest economy of effort, rather than the strategy that is most strike and obvious. The most effective and satisfactory role of the Will is not as a source of direct power or force, but as that function which, being at our command, can stimulate, regulate, and direct all the other functions and forces of our being so that they may lead us to our predetermined intention (Assagioli, 2000, p. 47).Assagioli insist that The Will is that function which is most directly related to the Self- the individual generally is not aware of his Self, and consequently he is just as unaware of the direct function of the Self, the Will (2000, p. 111). The psychosynthetic concept of Will marries beautifully with my understanding of the human condition which I have arrived at through my own lived experience. Seemingly one remains a victim of circumstance when they are operating though old ways of functioning that have become ways of coping rather than living. When old wounds and outdated ways of being are sufficiently apprehended and interconnected the individual is offered an opportunity to align themselves with their Will and their spiritual essence, the conscious self and the higher self as psychosynthesis refers to them. To be aligned with ones Will in this way is to have life live itself through you, the individual becomes more akin to hollow bamboo, a conduit through which spirit may express itself. Though this is an ongoing process of unfoldment rather than a final destination to be arrived at. I feel we are indeed beings that tend towards ever increasing levels of integration and self-actualisation and as such, by denying part of our being or experience we subvert our potential and hinder our capacity for adaptive living. With sufficient attainment one may begin to live their highest purpose with creativity, spontaneity and love. Psychosynthesis teacher Molly Brown asserts that The development of the Will involves the union of its various aspects, strength, skill and goodness which then becomes loving Will, the expression of love through our willed acts (2004, p. 121).There are several stages for the development of the Will, the first consists of se tting a goal or finding a purpose to be achieved and then setting an intention as to what purpose or goal towards which the Will is to be directed (Assagioli, 2000, p.113). Then follows valuation and motivation. The consideration of motivation involves the uncovering of unconscious drives as the function of the Will is to utilise them and insure their cooperation in the attaining of the chosen purpose (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113). Motivation inevitably implies valuation as the aim or purpose towards which the Will is to be directed must have an intent positive valuation (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113). This process is then followed by a period of deliberation and consideration of various factors relating to the value and attainability of the goal or purpose (Assagioli, 2000, p. 113).The next stage in the use of the Will involves making a volitional decision, a conscious choice to direct the Will at a particular purpose. Assagioli stresses that this is a difficult stage as it involves choice and the difficulty in making a voluntary decision is that the individual, either clearly or obscurely, realises that decision involves responsibility, that decision is an act of freedom which inevitably involves responsibility (2000, p. 114). The next step is affirmation which involves the cultivation of faith. Assagioli avows that this is not simply a belief but a living dynamic faith, even more, an assured conviction (2000, p. 114). He goes on to affirm that, At the very least there must be a willingness to attempt, to take risks, in a spirit of adventure (2000, p. 114). The affirmation becomes a command or declaration made to oneself with intensity as the power of the affirmation determines the degree of its effectiveness (Assagioli, 2000, p. 114).Meaning is inherent in this embodiment of choice and responsibility. This is the act of consciously taking command of ones power and asserting it in the world while perceiving ones own actions as valuable, meaningful and worthy.The fol lowing stage of psychosynthesis is planning in which ones activity, the locomote of which having been previously visualised, is organised in a clearly outlined program that is aimed at the realisation of the ultimate purpose or goal (Assagioli, 2000, p. 114). The final stage is the direction and execution of the action which requires two qualities in particular of the Will, first off, the dynamic power of the Will (one pointed driving energy), and secondly, persistence or endurance (Assagioli, 2000, p. 115). The culmination of these processes resolves in one discovering their unifying centre, the realisation of their true Self. They experience psychosynthesis itself, the formation or reconstruction of a personality around the newly discovered centre (Gerard, 1961, p. 4).The process of psychosynthesis speak directly to my highest ideals of counselling as I was once pulled aside by a wise man who put me through a same process. Aside from giving me the opportunity to await the lim iting beliefs I had long held about myself he gave me permission to take myself seriously. This was a profound act. I was compelled to disidentifiy with many limiting sub-personalities and thought forms that had kept me from living my purpose. What more meaning could there be than to identify ones authentic path in life and set about dissolving that which is not in service to it. While the healing of emotional wounds is a worthy initial goal for counselling the directing of the newly integrated self towards its highest purpose is a much richer objective. To see people not only heal but to consciously expand and thrive is the raison detre of my work as a counsellor.As each has been shaped by their innate experience, the therapist and client may have widely different ideas about the loving meaning and function of therapy. A client may only recognise therapy as a service capable of little more than lessening the effects of impress symptoms, though I would consider the lessening of o nes symptoms to be a small part of their larger process of becoming or self-actualisation. However, such notions need not be made overt in the course of therapy if they are irrelevant to the contextual needs of the client.By its very nature, counselling confers an obligation on its practitioners to polish on their own ideologies and refine their epistemology. A therapist must wrestle with the existential reality of being, to confront the nature of suffering, love, death, hope, emptiness, consciousness and transcendence. Assagioli argued that a human psychology cannot be complete without including the so-called spiritual dimension, our relationship to the cosmos and to our highest ideals (2000, p. 34).Constructivist psychologies orientation towards the exploration of human beings tendency toward creating systems for meaningfully understanding their worlds and experiences (Raskin, 2002, p. 1) is a positive element to be adding to my therapeutic approach, though the schism between dif fering constructivist positions must first be resolved. A therapy that values above all the primacy of the clients felt experience is able to transcend the dichotomy that exists between realism and idealism, epistemological constructivism and hermeneutic constructivism while still engaging the utility each unique perspective provides when its appropriate to the clients needs. Whether or not we can know a thing independently of the mind or not matters little in the face of whatever the clients felt experience happens to be. The meaning the client is making of their experience is primary to the therapeutic task. The question of to what degree can constructions of reality be discovered through observation and to what degree are such discoveries heuristic fictions (Raskin, 2002, p. 3) is of far less concern than the lager question of is the meaning thats being created or discovered by the client life enhancing or life negating? My own opinion is that there are indeed fundamental truths to be known and engaged with. Whether or not these truths exist independently of my mind or not is of little consequence for the purposes of my growth. What matters is that these truths are experienced as fundamental to me, my meaning making, my felt experience, and in this way they may well be, as philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein said, true enough (1998, p. 43). The hermeneutic constructivist notion that knowledge and truth are contextually objective rather than universally valid, socially negotiated rather than cognitively and individually produced (Raskin, 2002, p. 4) highlights the lack of capacity human beings have to share a truth with one some other should they stumble upon one. Philosopher Terence McKenna eloquently encapsulated this sentiment when he said What hubris it would be to expect that the small-mouth noises of English could encompass being. No, these are lower dimensional slices of a reality that is at long last unitary, ineffable, unspeakable, and dazzling (McKe nna, 1992). Assagioli affirmed his respect for the ineffable nature of transpersonal realities when he averred, Psychosynthesis does not aim nor attempt to give a metaphysical nor a theoretical exposition of the enormous mystery- it leads to the door, but stops there (Assagioli, 2000, pp. 6-7).Inspired therapy impels clients towards meaningfully understanding their lived experience as among its treasurers meaning offers understanding, a sense of locating oneself in ones story and ultimately arriving at the empowering conclusion that they have taken a position of authorship. The practice of psychosynthesis beautifully honours the clients inner world of subjective experience (Bugental, 1987, p. 46) by ascertaining and working with the unique existential situation of each client. Psychosynthesis is an act of love which assists the client to identify with their authentic self while breed for the realisation of their highest aspirations that which is imbued with capaciousest persona l meaning. The various experiential processes enhance perspective and catalyse inspired and adaptive living while connecting one to that function which is most directly related to the Self the Will. Once sufficiently aligned with their Will a person may experience themselves in a world infused with meaning and filled with purpose. There may even be, in the corner of their eye, beyond their confident stare, a flicker of knowing that they themselves are Willing their own reality into existence.Reference ListAssagioli, R. (2000). Psychosynthesis A collection of basic writings. Massachusetts, USA Synthesis Centre Editions.Assagioli, R. (1974). The act of will. New York, NY Penguin.Brown, M. (2004). Unfolding self The practice of psychosynthesis. New York, NY Allworth Press.Bugental, J. (1987). The art of the psychotherapist How to develop the skills that take psychotherapy beyond science. New York, NY Norton Company, Inc.Gerard, R. (1961). Psychosynthesis A psychotherapy for the whole man. Massachusetts, USA Synthesis Centre Editions.McKenna, T. (Speaker). (1992). Hermeticism and alchemy. (Digital recording). Colorado, USA Sounds True Publishing.Raskin, J. (2002). Psychology, root word constructivism, and social constructivism. American Communication Journal, 5 (3) 1-4.Wittgenstein, L. (1998). Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. New York, NY Dover Publication Inc.Lyndon B Johnsons Great Society Programs abbreviationLyndon B Johnsons Great Society Programs AnalysisWere Johnsons great society programmes a failure?In 1969, President Lyndon Baines Johnson left office after having earlier declared that he would not seek, or accept the democratic nomination for the next presidential election. It was an acrimonious end for an administration that boasted greater social legislative achievement than any that preceded it and fundamentally adapted the pedestal on which American social policy was formed. The primary debacle that can be said to account for the demise of the J ohnson presidency was the protracted and pricey US involvement in Vietnam. Although it was under the Kennedy administration that the US first became embroiled in Vietnam, it was Johnson who accelerated such developments and therefore has gone down in history as the primary protagonist in one of Americas most divisive conflicts.However, are such calamities enough to justify the claim that Johnsons great society programmes were a failure? After all, the legislative vigor with which he attempted to address Americas pressing social issues was admirable. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed racial discrimination in public places, such as hotels, restaurants and public transport. It also essential significant political rights, in particular franchise extensions for Americas less advantaged. As a parallel drive, Johnson also announced his war on poverty which was institutionalized with the billet of Economic Opportunity (OEO) and Economic opportunity Act of 1964. Following an overwhelm ing election victory in 1964 Johnson accelerated the great society programmes with a charge of legislative achievements. 1965 saw 115 presidential recommendations for legislation, with an above average 90 being approved. However, although in 1965 the great society programmes appeared to be a resounding success, later assessment has cast doubt over just how much praise should be lavished upon the Johnson administrations legislative achievements.The overriding issue that dominates the discussion on the success of the great society is Vietnam. As Ira Katznelson has noted, both the great society programmes and the war Vietnam were formed on the same ideological basis. This basis was the establishment and conservation of democratic principles abroad, whilst simultaneously reinvigorating the democratic process at home. As such, she argues that the two drives were so interconnected and reliant upon one anothers success, that it was impossible to hope that the great society could be succe ssful in light of the failure in Vietnam. This is an accurate assessment which is adhered to by a majority of writers on the subject and one to which I offer my own endorsement.However, leaving aside the volatile issue of Vietnam and its repercussions on the great society initiatives, is it possible to see successes if we look at the great society programmes in their entirety. Prominent amongst the voices of dissension is the leading academic George Gilder, who argues that above all the great society legislation (and the New subscribe and Fair Deal that preceded it) created a situation that led to a reliance on state security benefits. Ultimately, the great society legislation was formed on an historical basis that had begun with Roosevelts New Deal and played a significant role in curbing progress in terms of societal betterment. Gilder asserts that although Johnsons war on poverty was well motivated, it nonetheless did more to prolong and exacerbate Americas poverty problem than alleviate it. A clime of dependency was therefore created that allowed people living in poverty to continue doing so, instead of achieving progress and betterment through their own endeavor. As such, Gilder argues that there developed a necessity, to reverse the great society legislation and the negative impact it had on US societal progress. The Reagan administration, along with its emphasis upon the individual was the inherent result of this situation and the overall failure of the great society programmes.However, although Gilders arguments present a coherent and systematic approach to the question, he still fails to highlight the innovative nature of the great society programmes. Gary Gerstle, although operating from a point of view relatively similar to Gilders offers us a further detailed assessment. He argues firstly that the great society programmes failed to address the question of income distribution adequately and as such had a long term impact upon the problem. This i mpact was so widespread, bear on in particular black communities that even before the election of Ronald Reagan in 1981 there was a significant divide between rich and poor in America, which could easily be traced along racial lines. As such, Gerstle sees the inability to redress this imbalance as the primary failure of the great society.In conclusion, it is clear that there were serious flaws in the great society programmes initiated by Lyndon Johnson. Many of these deficiencies took years to present themselves and impacted greatly on the America that developed in the commit Vietnam period. However, it is also the case that the great society heralded a new era in the relationship between the individual and the state. Just as with the state of affairs war Labour government in Britain, the great society ushered in a revolutionary way of conceptualizing state intervention and although the seeds for such a convert may have been sown much earlier, it remains nonetheless a marked ach ievement of the Johnson administration. It would be easy to conclude that such developments came to abrupt halt and even reversal in the 1980s with the Reagan administration. However, I feel it is short sited to view this era as one of rolling back the achievements of Democratic party of the 1960s. It is true that significant revisions were made to the great society legislation however the bulk of it remained unchanged. Therefore, it remains the foundation on which modern American democracy and equality stand.BibliographyFraser, Steve and Gerstle, Gary. The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order 1930-1980. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1989.Katz, Michael B. Ed. The Underclass debate Views from history. New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1993.Schulman, Bruce J. Lyndon B Johnson and American Liberalism A apprize Biography with Documents. Boston Bedford Books, 1995.